Science

All living things are made of cells; discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665; prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

Carl Linnaeus's taxonomic system classifies all life into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families

Darwin's 1859 theory: species evolve over generations through natural selection of favourable traits

How plants convert sunlight, CO₂ and water into glucose and oxygen — the basis of all food chains

pH scale from 0–14 measures acidity; vital for chemistry, biology, medicine and everyday life

Forces holding atoms together — ionic, covalent, metallic and hydrogen bonds govern all chemistry

Study of carbon-based compounds — includes plastics, medicines, fuels and all biomolecules

Mendeleev's 1869 arrangement of all 118 elements by atomic number; the map of matter

Five layers of gas surrounding Earth — protects life, drives weather and regulates temperature

The 12 major tectonic plates carry continents and cause earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building

Homi Bhabha built India's nuclear science base; Pokhran tests made India the 6th nuclear power

India gave the world zero, decimal system, infinity, trigonometry and Ramanujan's genius

ISRO's journey from India's first satellite (1975) to Chandrayaan-3 landing on the Moon (2023)

First Asian Nobel laureate in science; discovered the Raman Effect (1928) about light scattering

Father of Evolution; his 1859 On the Origin of Species changed biology and human understanding forever

Only person to win Nobel Prizes in two sciences (Physics 1903, Chemistry 1911); discovered radium

Special (1905) and General (1915) Relativity — time dilation, E=mc², curved spacetime

The range of all electromagnetic radiation — from gamma rays to radio waves — including visible light

Four laws governing heat, energy, entropy and absolute zero — the backbone of energy science

Three laws that govern all motion on Earth and in space; the foundation of classical mechanics

Physics of the subatomic world — uncertainty, wave-particle duality and quantum entanglement