English Grammar & Language

Register — adapting language for audience; formal letters, emails, reports vs casual conversation

Ethos, Pathos, Logos — Aristotle's three modes of persuasion still power every great speech today

Tagore, R.K. Narayan, Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy — India's Nobel and Booker Prize winners in English

37 plays, 154 sonnets; invented 1,700 English words; most quoted author in history

Don Quixote, War and Peace, Iliad, Divine Comedy — the works that defined global literature

Shampoo, bungalow, jungle, thug, pyjamas, avatar, yoga — Indian words that entered English via British India

English draws from Latin, French, German, Norse, Sanskrit and 400+ other languages — a linguistic melting pot

Active: subject does the action; Passive: subject receives the action; changes emphasis and formality

Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex sentences; independent and dependent clauses

8 parts of speech — noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection

Comma, semicolon, colon, apostrophe, hyphen, dash — the traffic signals of writing

12 tenses in English — simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous in past, present and future

Simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole — tools writers use to create vivid, powerful writing

Point of view, foreshadowing, flashback, irony, unreliable narrator — tools of storytelling

Fixed expressions whose meaning cannot be derived from individual words — it's raining cats and dogs

Morphemes added before/after root words; knowing 100 common ones unlocks thousands of English words

Synonyms have similar meaning; antonyms have opposite meaning; key for vocabulary expansion