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Ecosystems
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Food Chains & Ecosystems

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๐ŸŒฟFood Chains & Ecosystems

How energy flows through ecosystems โ€” producers, consumers, decomposers and trophic levels

Key Facts

  • 1Producers (plants) โ†’ Primary consumers (herbivores) โ†’ Secondary consumers โ†’ Tertiary consumers โ†’ Decomposers
  • 210% energy rule: only 10% of energy transfers between each trophic level; explains why apex predators are rare
  • 3Food web: complex network of interlinked food chains; removing one species can collapse the web (keystone species)

๐Ÿ’ก Only about 10% of energy transfers between trophic levels โ€” so a meat-heavy diet requires 10ร— more land and water than a plant-based diet

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